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Fuel poverty and low carbon emissions: a comparative study of the feasibility of the hybrid renewable

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第2期   页码 336-356 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0748-x

摘要： Fuel poverty is most prevalent in North East England with 14.4% of fuel poor households in Newcastle upon Tyne. The aim of this paper was to identify a grid connected renewable energy system coupled with natural gas reciprocating combined heat and power unit, that is cost-effective and technically feasible with a potential to generate a profit from selling energy excess to the grid to help alleviate fuel poverty. The system was also aimed at low carbon emissions. Fourteen models were designed and optimized with the aid of the HOMER Pro software. Models were compared with respect to their economic, technical, and environmental performance. A solution was proposed where restrictions were placed on the size of renewable energy components. This configuration consists of 150 kW CHP, 300 kW PV cells, and 30 kW wind turbines. The renewable fraction is 5.10% and the system yields a carbon saving of 7.9% in comparison with conventional systems. The initial capital investment is $1.24 million which enables the system to have grid sales of 582689 kWh/a. A conservative calculation determined that 40% of the sales can be used to reduce the energy cost of fuel poor households by $706 per annum. This solution has the potential to eliminate fuel poverty at the site analyzed.

关键词： greenhouse gas control     low carbon target     grid connected     renewable fraction     fuel poverty     combined heat and power     HOMER Pro    

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新阶段巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果面临的挑战与政策建议

程国强,邓秀新

《中国工程科学》 2021年 第23卷 第5期   页码 148-156 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.05.019

摘要：

巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果，防止规模性返贫，是“十四五”时期必须守住的底线任务，为此要强化返贫风险治理，实施“分类施策、精准帮扶”策略，促进建立巩固脱贫攻坚成果的长效机制。本文分析了新发展阶段巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果面临的挑战，主要有脱贫人口返贫风险成因复杂、扶贫产业可持续发展能力不强、乡村卫生健康事业发展仍然滞后、脱贫地区农村饮用水安全保障不足、乡村治理不能适应新形势要求等，总结了巩固拓展扶贫攻坚成果的基本思路，从注重增加制度供给、破解资源环境约束、激发脱贫人口内生动力等3 个方面提出了巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果的关键任务，并针对性地提出了政策建议。本文从构建农村低收入人口识别机制、实施扶贫产业提质增效工程、提升乡村治理能力、实施乡村名医堂工程、加强农村饮水质量安全保障等5 个方面提出了巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果的政策建议。

关键词： 返贫，农村低收入人口，乡村振兴，扶贫产业，脱贫攻坚    

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Fighting for the poverty: a case study for human migration in the context of sustainable dryland farming

Yongqing MA, Jie CHEN, Shuqi DONG, Lun SHAN

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年 第1卷 第1期   页码 62-68 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2014027

摘要： The Southern Ningxia Hilly Area is one of the most impoverished areas of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (a province) of China due to an economy that mainly relies on agriculture, which is affected by droughts in two out of every three years. Government programs have attempted to develop an increased and sustainable level of scientifically based agricultural production while restoring the environment. However, since the population exceeds the capacity of the land to adequately support it, a program is underway to move 350000 people to more suitable locations. This paper outlines the past improvements to the Southern Ningxia Hilly Area and considers future development in the context of migration for ecological reasons.

关键词： agricultural production     animal husbandry     development strategy     ecological migration    

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Combustion and emissions of RP-3 jet fuel and diesel fuel in a single-cylinder diesel engine

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第5期   页码 664-677 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0787-3

摘要： The combustion characteristics and emission behaviors of RP-3 jet fuel were studied and compared to commercial diesel fuel in a single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. Engine operational parameters, including engine load (0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 MPa indicating the mean effective pressure (IMEP)), the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%), and the fuel injection timing (−20, −15, −10, and −5 ° crank angle (CA) after top dead center (ATDC)) were adjusted to evaluate the engine performances of RP-3 jet fuel under changed operation conditions. In comparison to diesel fuel, RP-3 jet fuel shows a retarded heat release and lagged combustion phase, which is more obvious under heavy EGR rate conditions. In addition, the higher premixed combustion fraction of RP-3 jet fuel leads to a higher first-stage heat release peak than diesel fuel under all testing conditions. As a result, RP-3 jet fuel features a longer ignition delay (ID) time, a shorter combustion duration (CD), and an earlier CA50 than diesel fuel. The experimental results manifest that RP-3 jet fuel has a slightly lower indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) compared to diesel fuel, but the ITE difference becomes less noticeable under large EGR rate conditions. Compared with diesel fuel, the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions of RP-3 jet fuel are higher while its soot emissions are lower. The NOx emissions of RP-3 can be effectively reduced with the increased EGR rate and delayed injection timing.

关键词： RP-3 jet fuel     diesel     engine     combustion     emissions    

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脱贫地区农村饮用水安全保障战略研究

吉庆华,董硕勋,曹晓峰,刘会娟,曲久辉

《中国工程科学》 2021年 第23卷 第5期   页码 163-168 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.05.021

摘要：

保障农村饮用水安全是落实脱贫地区“两不愁、三保障”的基本内容，开展脱贫地区农村饮用水安全保障战略研究对于巩固脱贫攻坚成果、有效衔接乡村振兴战略具有重要意义。本文研究了脱贫地区农村饮用水安全现状与存在的问题，分析了脱贫地区农村饮用水安全保障的风险成因，提出了保障脱贫地区农村饮用水安全的战略目标以及包括工程技术保障、政策保障、机制保障3 个方面的战略路径，并针对性地提出了对策建议。为进一步巩固脱贫地区农村饮用水安全保障成果，研究建议，要保持脱贫地区农村饮用水安全保障政策的稳定性和连续性；优化农村饮用水卫生标准，推进城乡饮水“同网、同质、同价”；建立以水价为重点的农村供水工程的长效运维管理机制。

关键词： 农村饮用水，脱贫地区，饮用水卫生标准，水价    

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Impacts of methanol fuel on vehicular emissions: A review

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第9期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-022-1553-4

摘要：

● Methanol effectively reduces CO, HC, CO2, PM, and PN emissions of gasoline vehicles.

关键词： Methanol fuel     Vehicular emission     Emission reduction     Cleaner fuel     Gasoline substitute    

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西部生态脆弱贫困区生态文明建设战略研究

李泽红,柏永青,孙九林,董锁成,李静楠

《中国工程科学》 2019年 第21卷 第5期   页码 80-86 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.05.012

摘要：

生态脆弱贫困区的生态环境破坏严重、人口贫困问题集中，开展生态文明建设是生态脆弱贫困区可持续发展的必由之路。本文针对我国西部地区未来一段时期现代化建设进程中的生态文明建设问题开展研究，论证了实现生态资产与农牧民人均纯收入同时增长的发展路径，提出了相应的生态文明建设战略路线图。对照“守住发展与生态两条底线，促进人与自然和谐共生，全面实现绿色现代化”的西部生态脆弱贫困区生态文明建设总体战略目标，阐述了中长期（当前—2050 年）生态文明建设的阶段性任务。研究表明，到2020 年，西部地区基本消除相对贫困，使生态资产触底达到拐点，启动恢复性增长；到2035 年，西部地区整体消除相对贫困，彻底修复受损自然生态环境，实现整体生态恢复；到2050 年，西部地区实现资源节约、环境友好、社会经济全面发展的绿色现代化。

关键词： 生态脆弱贫困区     西部地区     生态文明     绿色现代化    

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Failure mode investigation of fuel cell for vehicle application

Zhongjun HOU, Renfang WANG, Keyong WANG, Weiyu SHI, Danming XING, Hongchun JIANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年 第11卷 第3期   页码 318-325 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0488-0

摘要： The durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) has been posing a key technical challenge to commercial spread of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). To improve the durability, it is necessary to optimize the fuel cell system (FCS) design against failure modes. The fuel cell durability research method at FCS scale was exhibited, and the failure modes of fuel cell were experimentally investigated in this paper. It is found that the fuel cell dry operation, start/stop cycle and gas diffusion layer (GDL) flooding are typical failure modes of fuel cells. After the modifications against the failure modes, the durability of FCSs is improved to over 3000 h step by step.

关键词： proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)     fuel cell system (FCS)     durability     failure mode     fuel cell vehicle (FCV)     carbon corrosion     water management    

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Numerical investigation of the effects of fuel spray type on the interaction of fuel spray and hot porous

ZHAO Zhiguo, XIE Maozhao

《能源前沿（英文）》 2008年 第2卷 第1期   页码 59-65 doi: 10.1007/s11708-008-0022-5

摘要： The interaction between two types of fuel spray and a hot porous medium is studied numerically by using an improved version of KIVA-3V code. The improved KIVA-3V code is incorporated with an impingement model, a heat transfer model and a linearized instability sheet atomization (LISA) model to model the hollow cone spray. An evaporating fuel spray impingement on a hot plane surface was simulated under conditions of experiments performed by Senda to validate the reasonability of the KIVA-3V code. The numerical results conform well with experimental data for spray radius in the liquid and the vapor phases. Computational results on the interaction of two types of the fuel spray and the hot porous medium show that the fuel spray can be split, which provides conditions for quick evaporation of fuel droplets and mixing of fuel vapor with air. The possibility of fuel droplets from hollow cone spray crossing the porous medium reduces compared with that from solid cone spray, with the same initial kinetic energy of fuel droplets in both injection types.

关键词： improved version     impingement     atomization     hollow     radius    

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Recent advances in cathode electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cells

Junliang ZHANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2011年 第5卷 第2期   页码 137-148 doi: 10.1007/s11708-011-0153-y

摘要： Great progress has been made in the past two decades in the development of the electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This review article is focused on recent advances made in the kinetic-activity improvement on platinum- (Pt-) based cathode electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The origin of the limited ORR activity of Pt catalysts is discussed, followed by a review on the development of Pt alloy catalysts, Pt monolayer catalysts, and shape- and facet-controlled Pt-alloy nanocrystal catalysts. Mechanistic understanding is reviewed as well on the factors contributing to the enhanced ORR activity of these catalysts. Finally, future directions for PEMFC catalyst research are proposed.

关键词： proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)     cathode electrocatalysts     platinum     oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)    

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TiO supported IrO for anode reversal tolerance in proton exchange membrane fuel cell

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第5期   页码 852-861 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0811-7

摘要： Fuel starvation can occur and cause damage to the cell when proton exchange membrane fuel cells operate under complex working conditions. In this case, carbon corrosion occurs. Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts can alleviate carbon corrosion by introducing water electrolysis at a lower potential at the anode in fuel shortage. The mixture of hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and unsupported OER catalyst not only reduces the electrolysis efficiency, but also influences the initial performance of the fuel cell. Herein, Ti4O7 supported IrOx is synthesized by utilizing the surfactant-assistant method and serves as reversal tolerant components in the anode. When the cell reverse time is less than 100 min, the cell voltage of the MEA added with IrOx/Ti4O7 has almost no attenuation. Besides, the MEA has a longer reversal time (530 min) than IrOx (75 min), showing an excellent reversal tolerance. The results of electron microscopy spectroscopy show that IrOx particles have a good dispersity on the surface of Ti4O7 and IrOx/Ti4O7 particles are uniformly dispersed on the anode catalytic layer. After the stability test, the Ti4O7 support has little decay, demonstrating a high electrochemical stability. IrOx/Ti4O7 with a high dispersity has a great potential to the application on the reversal tolerance anode of the fuel cell.

关键词： proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)     fuel starvation     cell reverse     reversal tolerance anode     oxygen evolution reaction    

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Current challenge and perspective of PGM-free cathode catalysts for PEM fuel cells

Gang WU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年 第11卷 第3期   页码 286-298 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0477-3

摘要： To significantly reduce the cost of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, platinum-group metal (PGM)-free cathode catalysts are highly desirable. Current M-N-C (M: Fe, Co or Mn) catalysts are considered the most promising due to their encouraging performance. The challenge thus has been their stability under acidic conditions, which has hindered their use for any practical applications. In this review, based on the author’s research experience in the field for more than 10 years, current challenges and possible solutions to overcome these problems were discussed. The current Edisonian approach (i.e., trial and error) to developing PGM-free catalysts has been ineffective in achieving revolutionary breakthroughs. Novel synthesis techniques based on a more methodological approach will enable atomic control and allow us to achieve optimal electronic and geometric structures for active sites uniformly dispersed within the 3D architectures. Structural and chemical controlled precursors such as metal-organic frameworks are highly desirable for making catalysts with an increased density of active sites and strengthening local bonding structures among N, C and metals. Advanced electrochemical and physical characterization, such as electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy should be combined with first principle density functional theory (DFT) calculations to fully elucidate the active site structures.

关键词： oxygen reduction     fuel cells     cathode     nonprecious metal catalysts     carbon nanocomposites    

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Renewable synthetic fuel: turning carbon dioxide back into fuel

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第2期   页码 145-149 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0828-6

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A comprehensive assessment on the durability of gas diffusion electrode materials in PEM fuel cell stack

Arunkumar JAYAKUMAR

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年 第13卷 第2期   页码 325-338 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0618-y

摘要： Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell is the most promising among the various types of fuel cells. Though it has found its applications in numerous fields, the cost and durability are key barriers impeding the commercialization of PEM fuel cell stack. The crucial and expensive component involved in it is the gas diffusion electrode (GDE) and its degradation, which limits the performance and life of the fuel cell stack. A critical analysis and comprehensive understanding of the structural and functional properties of various materials involved in the GDE can help us to address the related durability and cost issues. This paper reviews the key GDE components, and in specific, the root causes influencing the durability. It also envisages the role of novel materials and provides a critical recommendation to improve the GDE durability.

关键词： PEM fuel cell     gas diffusion electrode(GDE)     gas diffusion layer(GDL)     membrane electrode assembly     durability     fuel cell catalyst    

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A methodology for regulating fuel stratification and improving fuel economy of GCI mode via double main-injection

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第5期   页码 678-691 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0859-z

摘要： Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) combustion faces problems such as high maximum pressure rise rate (MPRR) and combustion deterioration at high loads. This paper aims to improve the engine performance of the GCI mode by regulating concentration stratification and promoting fuel-gas mixing by utilizing the double main-injection (DMI) strategy. Two direct injectors simultaneously injected gasoline with an octane number of 82.7 to investigate the energy ratio between the two main-injection and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on combustion and emissions. High-load experiments were conducted using the DMI strategy and compared with the single main-injection (SMI) strategy and conventional diesel combustion. The results indicate that the DMI strategy have a great potential to reduce the MPRR and improve the fuel economy of the GCI mode. At a 10 bar indicated mean effective pressure, increasing the main-injection-2 ratio (Rm-2) shortens the injection duration and increases the mean mixing time. Optimized Rm-2 could moderate the trade-off between the MPRR and the indicated specific fuel consumption with both reductions. An appropriate EGR should be adopted considering combustion and emissions. The DMI strategy achieves a highly efficient and stable combustion at high loads, with an indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) greater than 48%, CO and THC emissions at low levels, and MPRR within a reasonable range. Compared with the SMI strategy, the maximum improvement of the ITE is 1.5%, and the maximum reduction of MPRR is 1.5 bar/°CA.

关键词： gasoline compression ignition     injection strategy     fuel stratification     high efficiency     high load    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Fuel poverty and low carbon emissions: a comparative study of the feasibility of the hybrid renewable

期刊论文

新阶段巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果面临的挑战与政策建议

程国强,邓秀新

期刊论文

Fighting for the poverty: a case study for human migration in the context of sustainable dryland farming

Yongqing MA, Jie CHEN, Shuqi DONG, Lun SHAN

期刊论文

Combustion and emissions of RP-3 jet fuel and diesel fuel in a single-cylinder diesel engine

期刊论文

脱贫地区农村饮用水安全保障战略研究

吉庆华,董硕勋,曹晓峰,刘会娟,曲久辉

期刊论文

Impacts of methanol fuel on vehicular emissions: A review

期刊论文

西部生态脆弱贫困区生态文明建设战略研究

李泽红,柏永青,孙九林,董锁成,李静楠

期刊论文

Failure mode investigation of fuel cell for vehicle application

Zhongjun HOU, Renfang WANG, Keyong WANG, Weiyu SHI, Danming XING, Hongchun JIANG

期刊论文

Numerical investigation of the effects of fuel spray type on the interaction of fuel spray and hot porous

ZHAO Zhiguo, XIE Maozhao

期刊论文

Recent advances in cathode electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cells

Junliang ZHANG

期刊论文

TiO supported IrO for anode reversal tolerance in proton exchange membrane fuel cell

期刊论文

Current challenge and perspective of PGM-free cathode catalysts for PEM fuel cells

Gang WU

期刊论文

Renewable synthetic fuel: turning carbon dioxide back into fuel

期刊论文

A comprehensive assessment on the durability of gas diffusion electrode materials in PEM fuel cell stack

Arunkumar JAYAKUMAR

期刊论文

A methodology for regulating fuel stratification and improving fuel economy of GCI mode via double main-injection

期刊论文